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| Angina Pectoris, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications |
Angina pectoris is chest pain due to coronary heart disease. Wind sitting or angina pectoris occurs when the heart muscle does not get enough blood supply, due to narrowing or blockage of the arteries in the heart. Angina pectoris can happen at any time and to anyone. Pain from angina pectoris is often mistaken for a symptom of other conditions, such as acid reflux and inflammation of the lungs.
Causes and Risk Factors of Angina Pectoris
Angina pectoris is most often caused by coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease occurs due to the buildup of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis). Several factors that can increase the risk of coronary heart disease which can then cause angina are:
- Smoking habit
- History of high blood pressure or hypertension
- High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides
- Diabetes
- Family history of heart disease
- Rarely exercise and not actively moving
- Obesity
- Age above 45 years for men and over 55 years for women
Symptoms of Angina Pectoris
Angina pectoris is characterized by left chest pain that feels like being crushed, burning, stabbing or feeling tight. This pain can radiate to the arms, shoulders, back, neck, and jaw.
Other symptoms that can accompany chest pain include:
- Excessive sweating even though the weather is not hot
- Nauseous
- Tired
- Dizzy
- Hard to breathe
Based on the characteristics of the symptoms, angina pectoris can be divided into:
stable angina
Stable angina or stable angina often occurs when doing strenuous activities or when experiencing emotional stress. Stable angina has a regular pattern of short duration, usually no more than 5 minutes.
Unstable angina
Unstable angina is the more dangerous type of angina. This type of angina does not depend on the activity performed, and can appear suddenly and continue even after the sufferer is resting.
Compared with stable angina, unstable angina lasts longer with more severe pain intensity.
Symptoms caused by this type of angina also do not go away even though the patient is resting or taking medication. Unstable angina is generally a sign of a heart attack.
Prinzmetal's angina
Unlike the two previously described types of angina, Prinzmetal's angina is caused by stiffness in the arteries of the heart. This condition causes the amount of blood flow to decrease temporarily.
Prinzmetal's angina is a fairly rare type of angina. This type of angina usually appears at rest, at night or in the morning. The pain intensity is quite severe, but usually subsides with medication.
When to go to the doctor
If this is the first time you experience chest pain and discomfort, consult your doctor immediately. Complaints of chest pain can lead to angina pectoris conditions caused by heart disease.
You also need to see a doctor if your angina pectoris lasts for a long time and doesn't get better after resting.
Because angina pectoris is often caused by coronary heart disease, it is advisable to consult a doctor if you have a history of hypertension, high cholesterol, and lead an unhealthy lifestyle, such as:
- Frequent consumption of fatty foods
- Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages
- Smoking
The sooner you are examined and treated by a doctor, the risk of more severe complications can be prevented.
Diagnosis of Angina Pectoris
To diagnose angina pectoris, the doctor will ask the patient's complaints as well as ask whether the patient has risk factors for coronary heart disease. After that, the doctor will perform a physical examination and some supporting tests for heart examination, such as:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG), to check the heart's electrical flow and detect disturbances in heart rhythm
- Cardiac echo, to locate damaged heart muscle and areas of the heart that are not getting enough blood
- Treadmill ECG (stress test), which has the same purpose as the ECG, but is performed while the patient is active
- Chest X-ray, to check for possible enlargement of the heart
- Cardiac catheterization, to see the narrowing of the heart's blood vessels with the help of a catheter, special dyes (contrast), and X-rays
- Heart scan with CT scan or nuclear examination, to check for blocked heart vessels and parts of the heart that are not getting blood flow
- Blood tests, to detect the presence of cardiac enzymes, whose levels in the blood can increase when the heart is not getting an adequate blood supply.
Angina Pectoris Treatment
Treatment of angina pectoris aims to reduce complaints and prevent heart attacks. The method given can be different, depending on the condition experienced by the patient, including:
Drugs
Some types of drugs that can be given by doctors to relieve angina symptoms are:
- Blood-thinning medications, such as aspirin, clopidogrel, or ticagrelor
- Blood vessel widening drugs, such as nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate, to widen and relax blood vessels, resulting in better blood flow to the heart
- Beta-blocking drugs, to slow the heart rate and make blood vessels more relaxed so that it reduces the workload of the heart
- Drugs to control diabetes, cholesterol, and hypertension which are risk factors for coronary heart disease
Medical procedures
If angina pectoris does not subside after giving medication, the doctor will recommend medical measures, such as:
- Installation of a heart ring, to widen a narrowed artery by placing a special wire (ring) shaped like a tube in the arteries of the heart
- Heart bypass surgery, by taking blood vessels from other parts of the body, to create new blood vessels to replace narrowed blood vessels
In addition to undergoing treatment, patients need to undergo treatment for various risk factors for coronary heart disease that cause angina, such as hypertension and diabetes.
Patients also need to make lifestyle changes to prevent this complaint from reappearing. Lifestyle changes that need to be made include regular exercise, adopting a healthy diet, quitting smoking, and getting enough rest.
Complications of Angina Pectoris
Angina pectoris is often caused by coronary heart disease. When the coronary arteries are narrowed and completely blocked, a heart attack will appear which can be life-threatening.
Therefore, angina pectoris needs to be checked since it is still an early symptom, or since the pain is still mild and can subside on its own with rest.
Prevention of Angina Pectoris
Angina pectoris can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Efforts that can be applied include:
- Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption
- Exercise regularly and maintain an ideal body weight
- Improve your diet by eating foods low in fat and salt, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Avoid consumption of foods high in saturated fat, such as sausages and fatty meats, butter, cheese, and fast food
- Manage stress in a positive way, it can be yoga, meditation, or doing a fun hobby
- Check with your doctor regularly if you suffer from hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes
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