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| Bladder Stones, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications |
Bladder stones or bladder calculi are stones that form from mineral deposits in the bladder. If the stone blocks the urinary tract, it can cause pain when urinating until the urine bleeds. Bladder stones can happen to anyone, including children. However, this disease is more at risk for men over the age of 52, especially those with an enlarged prostate.
An enlarged prostate can interfere with the emptying process of the bladder so that urine crystallizes and forms stones. If not treated immediately, bladder stones can cause infection and bleeding.
Causes of Bladder Stones
Bladder stones occur when the bladder cannot expel all the urine that is stored in it. This condition causes minerals in the urine to settle and harden, then crystallize and become stones in the bladder.
Conditions that can trigger the formation of bladder stones are:
- Inflammation due to bladder infection
- Inflammation due to radiation therapy (radiotherapy) in the pelvic area
- Prostate enlargement
- Use of a urinary tube (catheter)
- History of kidney stones or surgery on the bladder
- Abnormal pouches that form in the bladder wall (diverticles)
- Decreased bladder (cystocele)
- Diseases that can damage the nerves that control the bladder, such as diabetes, spinal cord injury, and stroke
Bladder stones can also be triggered by prolonged dehydration, lack of vitamin A or vitamin B. Frequent consumption of fatty, sweet, or high-salt foods can also cause bladder stones.
Symptoms of Bladder Stones
Bladder stones may not cause any complaints or symptoms. However, over time the stones that form can block the urinary tract or injure the bladder wall.
Common symptoms of bladder stones are:
- Pain and burning sensation when urinating
- Bloody urine (hematuria)
- Urine is more concentrated and dark
- Difficult to urinate
- Urination is not smooth or choked
- Pain in the penis if it occurs in men
- Pain in the lower abdomen
- Often feel the urge to urinate, especially at night
- Frequent bedwetting if it occurs in children
When to go to the doctor
Immediately consult a doctor if you experience the complaints mentioned above. Early examination needs to be done to prevent complications due to bladder stones.
You are also advised to have regular check-ups with your doctor if you have been diagnosed with bladder stones. The doctor will monitor the progress of the disease and your body's response to treatment.
Bladder Stone Diagnosis
The doctor will ask questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. After that, the doctor will perform a physical examination, including by palpating the lower abdomen, to see if the bladder is enlarged.
To establish the diagnosis of bladder stones, the doctor will also perform supporting examinations, such as:
- Urine tests, to detect the content and components of urine, including looking for the possibility of blood, crystals, and leukocytes (white blood cells)
- X-rays, to detect bladder stones
- Pelvic ultrasound, to see the location of bladder stones
- CT scan, to detect small bladder stones
- Cystoscopy, to see the picture of the urinary tract
Bladder Stone Treatment
Treatment of bladder stones depends on the size of the stones. If the bladder stone is small, the doctor will usually advise the patient to drink more water. The goal is for bladder stones to dissolve and pass with urine.
However, if the stone size is large enough, the doctor will perform the following treatment methods to remove bladder stones:
- Cystolitholapaxy
In this procedure, the doctor will insert a camera tube called a cystoscope into the patient's bladder. The cystoscope is connected to a special instrument that can crush stones into small pieces.
- Operation
The doctor will perform open surgery if the bladder stone is too large or hard to remove by cystolitholapaxy.
Bladder Stone Complications
Bladder stones can cause serious complications if not treated immediately. Some of the complications that can occur are:
- Blockage of the flow of urine due to bladder stones stuck in the urinary tract (urethra)
- Urinary tract infection
Bladder Stone Prevention
Bladder stones are a difficult condition to prevent. However, there are some efforts that can be done to reduce the risk of developing bladder stones, such as:
- Drink more water, which is 2-3 liters, or about 8 glasses per day
- Limit consumption of foods high in fat, sugar, and salt
- Avoid the habit of holding back urination
- Undergo regular checkups with your doctor if you suffer from diseases that can increase your risk of bladder stones, such as prostate enlargement, diabetes, and stroke
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