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| Bleeding cough, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications |
Hemoptysis or coughing up blood is coughing up phlegm that contains blood. This blood can come from the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs. Coughing up blood indicates damage to the blood vessels around the respiratory tract. This condition can be a sign of a serious respiratory disease that requires treatment.
Causes of Bloody Cough
The causes of coughing up blood are very diverse. The following are the causes of coughing up blood due to diseases in the respiratory tract:
- Aspergillosis
- Bronchitis
- Lung infection or pneumonia
- tuberculosis
- Bronchiectasis
- The entry of foreign objects into the respiratory tract
- Rupture of blood vessels in the respiratory tract (bronchial varicose veins)
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary embolism
- Injuries to the chest area
- Lung cancer
In addition to diseases in the respiratory tract, coughing up blood can also be caused by other conditions, such as:
- Side effects of blood thinning drugs
- Side effects of drug use
- Chronic cough
- Heart failure, especially due to mitral valve disease
- Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, Wegener's granulomatosis, or Churg-Strauss syndrome
Risk factors for coughing up blood
Depending on the cause, a person will be more easily or at risk of coughing up blood if they have the following factors:
- Smoke
- Suffering from HIV/AIDS
- Taking immunosuppressant drugs
- Have you ever had surgery or been hospitalized?
- Have a family history of blood clotting disorders
Symptoms of Bloody Cough
Coughing up blood is characterized by the discharge of blood when coughing. The amount of blood that comes out depends on how severe the condition is and the cause of coughing up blood itself. In contrast to vomiting blood which is usually coffee-colored, hemoptysis or coughing up blood is bright red.
Blood that comes out when coughing is sometimes also foamy due to mixing with air. Blood can also come out with phlegm in large quantities or just in the form of spots.
Depending on the cause, there are other symptoms that can also accompany coughing up blood, namely:
- Cough for several weeks before coughing up blood
- Chest pain
- Fever
- Sweating at night
- Body feels tired and weak
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
When to go to the doctor
Coughing up blood is one of the symptoms of disease in the respiratory tract. Therefore, immediately consult a doctor if you experience coughing up blood, so that the cause can be identified.
Immediately go to the emergency department (IGD) if you experience coughing up blood with the following conditions:
- Coughing up blood that occurs after a fall or injury to the chest
- There is blood in the stool or urine
- Blood that comes out as much as 1 glass of mineral water (240 ml) or blood comes out continuously
- Symptoms of shock appear, such as dark vision, cold sweat, and shortness of breath
The main cause of coughing up blood in Indonesia is tuberculosis. Therefore, if you suffer from tuberculosis, check with your doctor regularly. This is because TB treatment takes a long time, which is at least 6 months.
Diagnosis of Bloody Cough
To diagnose the cause of coughing up blood, the doctor will first ask the symptoms experienced by the patient. After that, the doctor will perform a physical examination.
Next, the doctor will carry out supporting examinations to determine the cause of coughing up blood and the severity of the disease. Supporting examinations carried out include:
- Sputum examination, to see bacteria that can be the cause of coughing up blood
- X-rays or CT scans, to see the condition of the lungs
- Binoculars of the respiratory tract (bronchoscopy), also to see the condition of the respiratory tract from the inside
- Blood tests, to check for blood clotting disorders or not
Bloody Cough Treatment
Treatment of coughing up blood is tailored to the cause. If coughing up blood is caused by tuberculosis, the patient will be treated with a combination antituberculosis drug (OAT). Patients will undergo treatment for several months and need to follow the doctor's advice to prevent TB bacterial resistance.
If coughing up blood is caused by lung cancer, the patient will undergo surgical removal of the cancer. Patients may also undergo chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of the two, to kill any remaining cancerous tissue and prevent the cancer from reappearing.
Patients with severe coughing up blood may lose large amounts of blood and develop hypovolemic shock. Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition that must be treated immediately, because it can endanger the lives of people coughing up blood.
To treat this condition, the doctor will give a large infusion to maintain blood flow throughout the body.
Complications of Coughing Blood
Coughing up blood that bleeds profusely can cause shock due to excessive blood loss. Symptoms of shock generally include weakness, paleness, cold sweats, and loss of consciousness.
Depending on the cause, some other complications that can arise from coughing up blood are:
- Accumulation of fluid in the lining of the lungs (pleural effusion)
- Heart defects
- Lung abscess
- Lung tissue injury
Prevention of Bloody Cough
Coughing up blood can be prevented by avoiding the disease that causes it. Some behaviors that can be done to maintain respiratory tract health are:
- Maintain good air ventilation in the house
- Do not smoke
- Wash your hands regularly
- Cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing
- Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when working
- Implementing a healthy lifestyle, such as eating fruits and vegetables, and exercising regularly
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