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| Chronic Venous Insufficiency, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications |
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a disorder of blood flow in the veins in the legs. This condition is characterized by pain and swelling in the legs.
Veins have valves that help drain blood from all over the body back to the heart. On CVI, the valves don't work properly. This condition makes blood unable to flow to the heart so that it accumulates in the leg veins.
Chronic venous insufficiency is a disease that develops in the long term (chronic). This disease must be treated immediately so as not to cause serious complications.
Causes of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Chronic venous insufficiency occurs due to blockage or interference with valve function in the veins. This condition can be caused by:
- Congenital abnormalities that cause weak venous valves from birth
- Injuries to the legs that cause injuries to the veins or valves of the veins, can be due to accidents or complications of surgery
- Damage to venous valves due to blockage of veins in the legs, one of which is due to deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- The habit of sitting or standing for too long can weaken the venous valves
- Lack of activity or exercise, either because you are old or have been injured
- Tumors in the pelvic area
Risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency
There are several factors that can increase the risk of damage to the valves of the veins, namely:
- Age over 50 years old
- Female gender
- Pregnancy
- Consumption of birth control pills
- Smoking habit
- High blood pressure or hypertension
- Less consumption of fiber foods
- Overweight or obesity
- Have you ever had deep vein thrombosis?
- Family history of chronic venous insufficiency
- Jobs that require standing or sitting for long periods of time
Symptoms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Chronic venous insufficiency can cause sufferers to experience a number of symptoms in the legs, namely:
- Swelling or heaviness
- Itchy rash
- Swollen veins or varicose veins
- Restless leg syndrome (restless leg syndrome)
- Skin color turns dark
- Cramps or tension
When to go to the doctor
Check with your doctor if you experience the above symptoms. If not treated properly, CVI can cause the capillaries to swell and burst. These conditions can increase the risk of infection or cellulitis in the tissue around the blood vessels, as well as the appearance of sores that are difficult to treat.
Get a doctor's check immediately if your leg is swollen, especially if it occurs after sitting or standing for too long.
Diagnosis of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
To confirm that the swelling in the limbs is caused by CVI, the doctor will ask the events that trigger the swelling, as well as the disease that has been or is being suffered by the patient. The doctor will also perform a physical examination and follow-up examinations, in the form of:
- Duplex ultrasound of the legs
- Duplex ultrasound aims to check the speed and direction of blood flow. The doctor will attach and press the ultrasound device to the swollen leg of the patient.
- Venography
- This procedure aims to see the condition of the veins suspected of being affected by CVI, with the help of X-rays and special dyes (contrast).
- MRV (Magnetic Resonance Venography)
- This method aims to see the condition of the veins suspected of being affected by CVI, with the help of magnetic waves.
Chronic Venous Insufficiency Treatment
In mild CVI, the doctor will advise the patient to exercise regularly and not sit cross-legged. If possible, keep your feet higher than your heart when sitting or lying down.
The doctor will also advise the patient to wear compression stockings. These stockings can help improve blood flow so that swelling in the legs can be reduced. To be effective, consult a doctor regarding the right type of stockings.
If the use of compression stockings is not effective, there are several other treatment methods that can be used to relieve CVI, namely:
Drugs
Some types of drugs that can be consumed to treat CVI are:
- Antibiotics, to treat infections caused by open wounds on the skin
- anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, such as warfarin and rivaroxaban, to prevent blood clots
- Diuretic drugs, such as furosemide, to reduce fluid buildup in the body
- Drugs to improve blood flow, such as pentoxifylline
Non-surgical medical procedures
This procedure aims to close the injured vein so that blood will flow through another vein. There are three methods that can be done, namely:
- Sclerotherapy, which is by injecting special drugs into the problematic vein
- Endovenous laser ablation, which is by heating the problematic vein using a laser beam
- Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which is by heating the injured vein using high-frequency radio waves
Surgical procedure
In severe enough CVI, the doctor will suggest surgery or surgery. The aim is to:
- Repair damaged veins or valves
- Lifting the veins affected by CVI
- Perform a new vein graft (venous bypass) so that blood flow does not pass through the veins experiencing CVI
- Bind or seal damaged veins
Complications of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Some of the complications that can arise from chronic venous insufficiency are:
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Pulmonary embolism
- Sores on the legs (static ulcers)
- Increasing the number of veins experiencing CVI.
Prevention of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
A person who has a family history of CVI can reduce the risk of developing this disease by taking the following steps:
- Quit smoking
- Exercise regularly
- Eat a healthy balanced diet
- Avoid sitting or standing for too long
- Don't wear clothes or belts that are too tight
- Maintain ideal body weight
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