Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an abnormal blood clot throughout the body. This condition can occur as a complication of a severe infection or cancer. DIC is a life-threatening condition.
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| DIC, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications |
When the body is injured or injured, platelets (thrombocytes) and blood clotting factors will form blood clots. The blood clot serves to close the wound and stop bleeding.
In DIC, platelets and blood clotting factors become overactive resulting in many blood clots. If left unchecked, these blood clots can block blood flow to the organs of the body, such as the brain, liver and kidneys.
When it is severe, blood clotting factors will fail to work, resulting in heavy bleeding.
Causes of DIC
Some conditions that can cause DIC are:
- Severe infection, such as sepsis
- Severe injury, such as a head injury, gunshot wound or extensive burns
- Failure of blood flow to vital organs (shock)
- The body's rejection reaction to an organ transplant or blood transfusion
- Complications of pregnancy or childbirth, such as eclampsia, stillbirth, placental abruption, and amniotic fluid embolism
- Heavy bleeding, both during and after delivery
- Operation complications
- Cancer, such as leukemia or kidney cancer
- Rattlesnake bite
- Severe dengue fever (dengue shock syndrome)
- Abnormalities in blood vessels
- Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
- Cirrhosis
In rare cases, DIC can also occur in people with COVID-19 with severe symptoms.
Symptoms of DIC
Symptoms of DIC may begin with bleeding that progresses to a blood clot, or a combination of both. The following are the symptoms of bleeding DIC:
- Red spots on arms, legs and roof of mouth
- Bruises or bruises
- Bleeding gums
- Nosebleed
- Vomiting blood
- Bloody urination and bowel movements
- Heavy menstruation
- Yellow skin and eyes
- Bleeding from surgical scars, injuries, or injection marks
- Low blood pressure characterized by dizziness, weakness, and blurred vision
- Hematoma
- Dizziness, daze, to loss of consciousness
While the symptoms of blood clots in DIC include:
- Pain, swelling and warmth in the arms or legs
- Shortness of breath and chest pain
- Paralyzed or numb
- The tips of the fingers and toes turn blue or black
- blisters
When to see a doctor
All types of DIC, whether it occurs suddenly or as a result of complications from certain conditions, must immediately seek medical attention at the emergency room.
Seek medical help immediately if you experience the symptoms of DIC mentioned above, especially if you have a history or condition of the following:
- High fever
- Injury or accident
- Cancer or currently being treated for cancer
- Liver disease
- Pregnancy and childbirth
- Miscarriage
- Drug use
- Blood transfusion or organ transplant
Diagnostics of DIC
If the patient comes to the emergency room with a severe condition and is bleeding, the doctor will first stabilize the patient's condition. Actions that doctors can take include:
- Caring for patients in the ICU
- Install IVs, catheters, and oxygen
- Providing blood transfusions, either in whole blood or certain blood components, such as red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and platelets
After the patient's condition is stable, the doctor will ask about the patient's medical history, medications taken, and medical procedures that have been undertaken. Next, the doctor will carry out supporting examinations in the form of:
- Blood test, to assess platelet count, blood clotting time, fibrinogen, and D-dimer
- Kidney and liver function tests, to assess function and detect damage to the kidneys and liver
DIC treatment
Treatment of DIC depends on the cause. Some of the treatment methods that can be given by doctors are:
- Infusion antibiotics, to treat severe bacterial infections
- Caesarean section, to treat pregnancy complications, such as eclampsia
- Snake antivenom serum, to neutralize venom from venomous snakes
- Chemotherapy or radiotherapy, to treat cancer
In addition to the treatments above, doctors can provide the following treatments to treat DIC:
- Plasma transfusion, to replace lost blood clotting factors
- Blood thinners (heparin), to prevent excessive blood clots
DIC complications
Untreated DIC can cause complications in the form of:
- Heart attack
- Strokes
- Kidney failure and liver failure
- Hypovolemic shock
- Pulmonary embolism
- Blood clots in the deep veins (deep vein thrombosis)
- Respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Death
DIC prevention
DIC is a complication of disease or injury. Therefore, so that DIC does not occur, it is necessary to carry out proper handling and prevention of the conditions that cause it, namely in the following ways:
- Adopt a healthy lifestyle and wash your hands regularly to prevent infection
- Wear personal protective equipment when driving, playing sports and working
- Eliminate mosquito nests to prevent dengue fever
- Routine pregnancy control
- Undergo routine medical check-ups
- Get treatment and control if you have liver or kidney disease
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