Dyslexia is a learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading, writing or spelling. People with dyslexia will have difficulty identifying spoken words and turning them into letters or sentences.
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| Dyslexia, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications |
Dyslexia is classified as a nervous disorder in the part of the brain that processes language. This condition can be experienced by children or adults. Although dyslexia causes learning difficulties, this disease does not affect the intelligence level of sufferers.
Although similar, dyslexia is different from auditory processing disorder (APD). APD is a brain condition that cannot properly process the sounds heard, so the sufferer hears the wrong information, for example "box" becomes "frog". While dyslexia occurs in the part of the brain that processes language.
Dyslexia Causes and Risk Factors
It is not known exactly what causes dyslexia, but this condition is thought to be related to a genetic disorder that affects the brain's performance in reading and speaking. A number of factors are suspected of triggering these genetic disorders, including:
- Family history of dyslexia with other learning disorders
- Premature birth or low birth weight
- Exposure to nicotine, alcohol, drugs, or infections during pregnancy
Dyslexia Symptoms
Dyslexia can cause symptoms that vary, depending on age and severity. In toddlers, the symptoms can be difficult to recognize, but once the child reaches school age, the symptoms will start to show, especially when the child is learning to read.
Symptoms that appear can be divided into two based on the time of appearance, namely:
1. Symptoms of dyslexia in children
- Slow in learning the names and sounds of the alphabet
- Speech development is slower than children his age
- Often writes backwards, for example writing 'pit' when asked to write 'tip'
- Difficulty distinguishing certain letters when writing, for example 'd' with 'b' or 'p' with 'q'
In addition to the complaints above, children with dyslexia can experience difficulties in a number of the following activities:
- Process and understand what is heard
- Finding the right word to answer a question
- Spelling, reading, writing and arithmetic
- Memorize letters, numbers and colors
- Saying unfamiliar words
- Understand grammar and add affixes to words
2. Dyslexia in adolescents and adults
In adolescents and adults, dyslexia can cause sufferers to often mispronounce names or words, and have difficulty reading or writing. Therefore, sufferers tend to avoid reading and writing activities.
Dyslexia can also cause people with difficulty in:
- Spell
- Understand jokes or phrases that have other meanings (idioms), such as "scapegoat"
- Summarize a story
- Learn a foreign language
- Remember something
- Count
When to see a doctor
Immediately consult a doctor if the development of a child's reading and writing skills seems slow, or the child shows symptoms of dyslexia as mentioned above. If not treated immediately, the reading difficulties he experiences can last into adulthood.
Dyslexia Diagnosis
To diagnose dyslexia, your doctor will first rule out the possibility that your reading disorder is caused by another condition. Doctors can also provide referrals to child psychologists, pediatricians who are specialists in child development, or speech therapists if needed.
Next, the doctor will carry out the following examinations to further confirm the diagnosis:
- Ask if any family members have a history of learning disorders
- Ask about family conditions, including who lives at home, and whether there are problems in the family
- Provide a number of questions to be filled out by family members and teachers at school
- Perform nerve function tests to check whether dyslexia is related to disturbances in the brain's nerves, vision, and hearing
- Carry out psychological tests to understand the child's mental condition and rule out possible learning disorders that are related to anxiety or depression
- Run academic tests that will be analyzed by experts in the field
Dyslexia Treatment
Even though dyslexia is classified as a disease that cannot be cured, detection and treatment from an early age has been proven to be effective in improving sufferers' ability to read.
One of the most effective methods in improving the literacy skills of dyslexics is phonics. The phonics method focuses on improving the ability to identify and process sounds. In the phonics method, the patient will be taught to:
- Recognizes the sound of words that sound similar, such as 'market' and 'fence'
- Spell and write, from simple words to complex sentences
- Understand the letters and the arrangement of letters that make up the sound
- Read sentences correctly and understand the meaning of what is read
- Build sentences and understand new vocabulary
Treatment of dyslexia in children
To help the child's healing process, parents can do the following:
- Read aloud in front of children
- This step will be more effective if done on children aged 6 months or less. If the child is old enough, invite him to read a story together.
- Encourage children to dare to read
- Eliminate children's fear of reading. By reading regularly, children's reading ability will increase.
- Collaborate with teachers at school
- Discuss the child's condition with the teacher, then discuss the most appropriate way to help the child succeed in learning. Communicate regularly with teachers so you know how your child is progressing at school.
- Talk to your child about their condition
- Give understanding to children regarding the conditions they are experiencing. Also tell them that the conditions they are experiencing can be corrected so that the child is enthusiastic about learning.
- Limit watching television
- Limit your child's time watching television and spend more time learning to read.
- Join a support group
- Join a support group on the same terms. The experiences of other parents whose children suffer from dyslexia can provide valuable lessons to improve children's abilities.
Treatment of dyslexia in adults
Meanwhile, dyslexia treatment for adult patients includes:
- Train or guide patients on a regular basis, so that the patient's ability to read increases
- Helping patients learn, manage, and overcome the problems that cause dyslexia in the workplace with occupational therapy
- Read the written orders, to avoid patient errors in carrying out these orders
- Utilizing technological features that can make it easier for patients to work, such as using a recording device during meetings, or using applications that can convert writing into words or vice versa
Dyslexia complications
Dyslexia can cause several complications, namely:
- Difficulty in studying
- Impaired social interaction
- Behavioral and anxiety disorders
- Easily angry and tend to alienate themselves
- Difficulty in finding work
Dyslexia Prevention
Until now, there was no way to prevent dyslexia. However, people who have a family history of dyslexia are advised to do premarital counseling before planning a pregnancy. The goal is to find out how much the risk of children experiencing dyslexia is.
Although dyslexia is a lifelong disease, early detection and treatment can help the learning process. Independent efforts that can be made to help people with dyslexia, especially children, include:
- Familiarize children to read books from an early age
- Read him a book
- Invite him to join in the interaction or sing while reading a book together
- Discuss the contents of the book
- Try to make reading time enjoyable
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